Complete Sociology&nbsp; optioonal Course syllabus for UPSC CSE
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*Terms &amp; Conditions* 
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to Fair Use policy which includes but not limited to maximum 2 logins and 3 times access to lectures subject to &nbsp;other terms of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the Recorded courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and had exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/ adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.

In this course, Ravi Kapoor has taken marathon sessions on Essay writing in UPSC CSE. He has revealed the secrets to score well with practical demonstration sessions on Essay writing.&nbsp;
<h3>UPSC Essay Paper Pattern</h3>
<ul>
	<li>The UPSC Essay paper segment consists of two sections A and B.</li>
	<li>Both sections have about four questions each.</li>
	<li>The candidates have to choose one topic from each section, thus having to answer 2 essay questions in total.</li>
	<li>The word limit for each question is to be within the range of 1000-1200 words.</li>
	<li>The marks for each question is 125, thus the total allotted marks are 250.</li>
	<li>The paper will be included for merit ranking and is not just for qualifying purposes.</li>
	<li>The candidates are expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely. To understand how to approach the essay paper and the topics to be focused on during preparation,&nbsp; this course can be a useful resource.</li>
</ul>
*Terms &amp; Conditions* 
<ul>
	<li style="text-align: left;">A student is expected to have gone through these terms and conditions before enrolling for the course</li>
</ul>
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time, if EMI option is availed. 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to&nbsp;Fair Use policy&nbsp;which includes but not limited to maximum of 02 login from different devices&nbsp;and 03 times access to lectures subject to other terms/features of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the&nbsp;courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and is expected to have&nbsp;exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/&nbsp;adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the&nbsp;jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.
&nbsp;

Comprehensive Indian Economy Module by Jatin Verma Sir for UPSC CSE 2025-26.&nbsp;
Features:
This Course will cover Indian Economy in a factual-analytical manner as per the requirement of UPSC CSE&nbsp;
Coverage: All these macro-topics will be covered in a detailed manner&nbsp;
<ul>
	<li>Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, development, growth and employment.</li>
	<li>Inclusive growth</li>
	<li>Budgeting: Fiscal Policy, Fiscal Deficit</li>
	<li>Major cropping patterns in different parts of the country, different types of irrigation, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and associated constraints; e-technology for</li>
	<li>Direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; PDS- objectives, functioning, limitations; issues of buffer stocks, food security; economics of animal-rearing, Technology missions.</li>
	<li>Food processing and related industries</li>
	<li>Land reforms</li>
	<li>Effects of liberalisation</li>
	<li>Infrastructure: energy, roads, ports, airports and railways</li>
	<li>Investment models.</li>
</ul>
*Terms &amp; Conditions* 
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to Fair Use policy which includes but not limited to maximum 2 logins and 3 times access to lectures subject to &nbsp;other terms of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the Recorded courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and had exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/ adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.

Divyanshi Singh who had previously scored&nbsp; Rank 34 in UPPCS later on went on to become a UPSC topper and got IRS with Ran 352. She has been an integral part of JV&#39;s IAS and was a student of Jatin Sir&#39;s current ffairs and Integrated GS Course.&nbsp;
Total Sessions by Divyanshiin this course: 20
This is a crash course to gain topper&#39;s perspective on the subject and not a comprehensive Geography subject module for UPSC CSE
&nbsp;
Terms &amp; Conditions*
<ul>
	<li>A student is expected to have gone through these terms and conditions before enrolling for the course</li>
</ul>
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time, if EMI option is availed. 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to&nbsp;Fair Use policy&nbsp;which includes but not limited to maximum of 02 login from different devices&nbsp;and 03 times access to lectures subject to other terms/features of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the&nbsp;courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and is expected to have&nbsp;exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/&nbsp;adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the&nbsp;jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.

Political Science and International Relations (PSIR) is a popular optional subject for the UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination.&nbsp;It covers a wide range of topics, including political theory, Indian politics, international relations, and more.
<h2>Features of PSIR Optional Subject Programme at JV&#39;s IAS</h2>
Our aim is to provide &ldquo;ONE STOP SOLUTION&rdquo; for students for optional preparation. Following are the major components of our programme:
<ul>
	<li>Strategic classroom preparation with special focus on conceptual clarity and understanding of trends and issues.</li>
	<li>Focus on lucid explanation instead of mere dictation with &ldquo;Exam focused approach&rdquo; that will inculcate in students the competency to deal with the unexpected questions.</li>
	<li>Concise, well &ndash; researched and exam ready study material on each and every topic.</li>
	<li>Comprehensive and timely coverage of syllabus</li>
	<li>We focus on inter-linkages among both optional papers,Paper I and II.</li>
	<li>Interactive class to bring out the best in student</li>
	<li>Classroom Session of 2.5 hours daily, seven days a week, total 375+ hours of Classroom teaching, and Discussions.</li>
	<li>Updated Extracts from Journals, Newspapers and Magazines relevant for dynamic portions of syllabus especially IGP &amp;IR sections.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Understanding Political Science and International Relations Syllabus</h2>
PSIR optional papers for UPSC Mains are structured into two distinct parts: Paper 1 and Paper 2, each encompassing a wide array of topics essential for a comprehensive understanding of political theory, Indian politics, comparative politics, and international relations.
In Paper 1, the focus is on Political Theory and Indian Government and Politics.
This paper is divided into two sections:
<ul>
	<li>Section A delves into Political Theory,&nbsp;covering a range of topics from the meaning and approaches to political theory to the exploration of various theories of the state, including liberal, Marxist, and feminist perspectives.</li>
	<li>It also examines concepts such as justice, equality, rights, democracy, and power. Moreover, it also includes an in-depth study of major political ideologies and significant contributions from Indian and Western political thinkers.</li>
	<li>Section B shifts the focus to Indian Government and Politics,&nbsp;encompassing themes like Indian nationalism, the making of the Indian Constitution, salient features of the Constitution, grassroots democracy, statutory institutions, federalism, planning and economic development, and the role of caste, religion, and ethnicity in Indian politics.</li>
</ul>
Paper 2 of PSIR Optional subject is primarily composed of two sections: Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics, and India and the world.
<ul>
	<li>Section A explores Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics.&nbsp;This section offers insights into the nature and major approaches of comparative politics, international politics theories and key concepts like balance of power, national security, national interest, nuclear deterrence, and transnational actors.</li>
	<li>Section B shifts gears to focus on India and the World,&nbsp;covering topics such as Indian foreign policy determinants, India&#39;s contribution to the Non-Alignment Movement, regional cooperation in South Asia, India&#39;s relations with the Global South and major global powers, India&#39;s role in the UN system and the nuclear question, as well as recent developments in Indian foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
*Terms &amp; Conditions* 
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to Fair Use policy which includes but not limited to maximum 2 logins and 3 times access to lectures subject to &nbsp;other terms of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the&nbsp;courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and had exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/ adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.

In this course, Jatin Verma will cover important current affairs updates of The Hindu and/or Indian Express in his unique way of taking the text and context of news articles. 
Additionally, Daily Current Affairs quizzes will be added to this course alongwith other periodic well researched articles by Sir.
Classes will be heldat around 8:00AM Monday to Saturday.
&nbsp;
Features
1. Daily Current Affairs Quiz of 5-10Qs based on news discussion 
2. Well-Researched PDF Based summary of The Hindu/Indian Express 
3. Detailed Session on Newspaper analysis 
4. Daily Mains Question will be posted under this Group

150+ classes of a total of 350+ hours duration will be provided through your account in the online format. You will be able to view these classes an unlimited number of times, for up to 1&nbsp;year&nbsp;from the date of commencement of the course/enrolment. 
 
The course intends to build a strong base for the students by providing them with conceptal clarity of core subjects required for UPSC CSE prepration. This course is imbibed with current happenings related to subjects which helps the students in developing the analytical ability to understand the demand and nature of UPSC CSE. This NCERT course for UPSC CSE aims to save preparation time for aspirants by helping them frame their strategies in an efficient manner. 
 
Features:&nbsp; 
1. Detailed coverage of 6-12 the standard NCERTs 
2.&nbsp; Old &amp; New NCERTs included 
3. FOCUS on Concept building 
4. Section-wise tests to ensure effective learning 
5. Reading between the&nbsp;lines approach&nbsp; as per UPSC demand
*Terms &amp; Conditions* [Read Carefully] 
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time, if EMI option is availed. 
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to Fair Use policy which includes but not limited to maximum 2 logins and 3 times access to lectures subject to &nbsp;other terms of the course(s) 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the&nbsp;courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and had exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/ adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.

In this course Jatin Verma sir has covered Public administration course in his unique way!
Analytical coverage of Public Administration Optional complete syllabus of Paper-1 and Paper-2 as per UPSC CSE Optional syllabus.&nbsp;
Lectures will be gradually added as we proceed and updates will be provided for every Unit of syllabus according to contemporary events as this is a dynamic subject. For Indian Administration, Jatin Verma Sir will cover second ARC, Punchhi Commission report excerpts at relevant places.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
** Please Read Course specific guidelines &amp; Terms &amp; Conditions&nbsp;given under this section carefully before enrolling.
&nbsp;
Features
Course Duration: 5 Months 
Coverage: Public Administration Optional Syllabus for UPSC CSE Paper-1 and 2
&nbsp;
<h3 style="text-align:start">Administration Theory</h3>
<ol style="box-sizing:border-box; padding-left:15px; line-height:1.6; color:#474747; font-family:Roboto, sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; text-align:start; white-space:normal; text-decoration-thickness:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:20px">
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Introduction:&nbsp;Meaning, scope, and significance of Public Administration, Wilson&rsquo;s vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline, and its present status. New Public Administration, Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Administrative Thought:&nbsp;Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber&rsquo;s bureaucratic model its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon&rsquo;s decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor.)</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Administrative Behaviour:&nbsp;Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Organisations:&nbsp;Theories systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies; Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc, and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public-Private Partnerships.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Accountability and Control:&nbsp;Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive, and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen&rsquo;s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Administrative Law:&nbsp;Meaning, scope, and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Comparative Public Administration:&nbsp;Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Development Dynamics:&nbsp;Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; &lsquo;Anti-development thesis&rsquo;; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development the self-help group movement.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Personnel Administration:&nbsp;Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, Pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Public Policy:&nbsp;Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review, and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Techniques of Administrative Improvement:&nbsp;Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Financial Administration:&nbsp;Monetary and fiscal policies: Public borrowings and public debt Budgets types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.</li>
</ol>
&nbsp;
<h3 style="text-align:start">Indian Administration&nbsp;</h3>
<ol style="box-sizing:border-box; padding-left:15px; line-height:1.6; color:#474747; font-family:Roboto, sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; text-align:start; white-space:normal; text-decoration-thickness:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px">
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Evolution of Indian Administration:&nbsp;Kautilya Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration Indianization of Public services, revenue administration, district Administration, local self Government.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government:&nbsp;Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Public Sector Undertakings:&nbsp;Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Union Government and Administration:&nbsp;Executive, Parliament, Judiciary-structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.&nbsp;</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Plans and Priorities:&nbsp;Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; &lsquo;Indicative&rsquo; planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">State Government and Administration:&nbsp;Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">District Administration since Independence:&nbsp;Changing role of the Collector; Union-State-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Civil Services:&nbsp;Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training, and capacity building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Financial Management:&nbsp;Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in the monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Administrative Reforms since Independence:&nbsp;Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Rural Development:&nbsp;Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Urban Local Government:&nbsp;Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Law and Order Administration:&nbsp;British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of Central and State Agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.</li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:justify">Significant issues in Indian Administration:&nbsp;Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.</li>
</ol>
**Terms &amp; Conditions* [Read Carefully]
JV&#39;s IAS nowhere claims that the enrolment in any or all of its courses will be sufficient for a student/candidate for UPSC CSE to crack the UPSC CSE exam as the nature of exam is very dynamic and require efforts at student&#39;s end also, apart from many other factors. If any suchn impression is created, please completely ignore that. We however strive our best to cover every section of syllabus in the holistic manner possible at our end.
&bull; ⁠Access to lectures is subject to&nbsp;Fair Use policy&nbsp;which includes but not limited to maximum 2 logins and 3 times access to lectures subject to &nbsp;other terms of the course(s) 
&bull; Course access is subject to payment of EMIs on time, if EMI option is availed. 
&bull; ⁠No request for refund would be entertained for the&nbsp;courses once the access to the course is given after the subscriber/student/payer has obtained the due information via WhatsApp or any other means of communication and had exercised due diligence at his end.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Migration from one course to another/&nbsp;adjustment of fee paid from one course to another especially under the EMI plan/discount offer is subject to the sole discretion of JV&rsquo;s Edu and/or Jatin Verma&rsquo;s IAS Academy. Any such request shall be made 3 working day prior to the due date of payment. 
&bull; ⁠Extension of Course validity is subject to the sole discretion of jvias.com and or Jatin Verma IAS Academy.&nbsp; 
&bull; ⁠Non payment of EMI or payment due would automatically lead to Course access blocking 
&bull; ⁠Dispute(s) if any are subject to the&nbsp;jurisdiction of Delhi High Court only.
&nbsp;

Environment &amp; Ecology course by Atul Sir covers the following topics:&nbsp; 
&nbsp;
<h3>Environment and Ecology: Basic Understanding</h3>
<ul>
	<li>Introduction</li>
	<li>Categories of Environment</li>
	<li>Features of Environment</li>
	<li>Components of Environment</li>
	<li>Ecology</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h3>Ecosystem and Its Dynamics</h3>
<ul>
	<li>Ecosystem Definitions</li>
	<li>Properties of Ecosystem</li>
	<li>Components of Ecosystem
	<ul>
		<li>Abiotic Factors</li>
		<li>Biotic Factors</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Ecosystem Dynamics</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h3>Biogeochemical Cycles</h3>
<ul>
	<li>Gaseous Cycle
	<ul>
		<li>Carbon Cycle</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle</li>
	<li>Effects of High Concentration of Greenhouse Gases
	<ul>
		<li>Hydrological Cycle</li>
		<li>Nitrogen Cycle</li>
		<li>Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle</li>
		<li>Oxygen Cycle</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Sedimentary Cycle
	<ul>
		<li>Sulphur Cycle</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
	<ul>
		<li>Phosphorus Cycle</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>
	<h3>Biodiversity</h3>
	</li>
	<li>Types of Biodiversity</li>
	<li>Value of the Biodiversity</li>
	<li>Threats to Biodiversity
	<ul>
		<li>Causes of Biodiversity losses (&lsquo;The Evil Quartet&rsquo;)</li>
		<li>Invasive species</li>
		<li>Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Extinction of Species</li>
	<li>Types - Natural, Mass, Anthropogenic</li>
	<li>Causes of Extinction</li>
	<li>Consequences of Extinction of Species</li>
</ul>
<h3>Waste Management</h3>
<ul>
	<li>Solid Waste Management
	<ul>
		<li>Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>e-waste Management
	<ul>
		<li>Pollutants and their Health Impacts</li>
		<li>Importance of the E-Waste Management</li>
		<li>E-waste (Management &amp; Handling) Rules, 2016</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Biomedical Waste
	<ul>
		<li>Hazards Associated with Waste Management</li>
		<li>Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Hazardous Waste
	<ul>
		<li>Hazardous Waste Treatment</li>
		<li>Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management &amp; Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

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